El paisaje lingüístico en los baños de mujeres de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza - Argentina

R E S U M E N En este artículo se apunta a analizar los (micro)discursos que se encuentran en los baños públicos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza - Argentina Se focalizan las temáticas que se abordan, la clase de diálogos que se establecen y las valoraciones que se ponen de manifiesto. Se trata de una investigación de tipo cualitativo y exploratorio. Se trabaja con un corpus de imágenes recopilado en los baños públicos de la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Cuyo en el mes de junio de 2022.

A B S T R A C T This article aims to describe and interpret the (micro)discourses that are found in the public bathrooms of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National University of Cuyo. In particular, the focus of this study is in the topics that are addressed, the kind of dialogues that are established and the assessments that are revealed. It is a qualitative and exploratory research. It works with a corpus of images collected in the public bathrooms of the Faculty of Philosophy and Letters of the National University of Cuyo in the month of June 2022.

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar os (micro)discursos encontrados nos banheiros públicos da Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras da Universidade Nacional de Cuyo. Focalizam-se os temas que são abordados, o tipo de diálogos que se estabelecem e as avaliações que se revelam. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa e exploratória. O trabalho explora um corpus de imagens coletadas nos banheiros públicos da Faculdade de Filosofia e Letras da Universidade Nacional de Cuyo no mês de junho de 2020.

Prevalence, Socio-cultural Restrictions and Determinants of School Absenteeism during Menstruation among Adolescent School Girls in Bangalore

Introduction: Menstrual-related problems are one of the most common problems among adolescent girls and might adversely affect their performance in academic and other activities of daily life. Aims & Objectives: 1. To determine the prevalence of school absenteeism among adolescent school girls during menstruation. 2. To assess the restrictions which are imposed on adolescent school girls during menstruation. 3. To evaluate the various factors associated with school absenteeism during menstruation. Methods: A study was conducted by carrying out a questionnaire and focus group discussion between October 2019-January 2020 in seven schools of Bangalore city after obtaining the assent and informed consent signed by their parents. Result: The mean age of the girls was 14.45 ± 1.71. The proportion of school absenteeism during menstruation was (30.25%). The majority (89.25%) of the students among the school absentees missed one day of school during menstruation. Among the school absentees, pain/discomfort was one of the main reasons for missing school, accounting for (69.42%). (46.25%) of the students were restricted from any kind of religious activities. Pain during menstruation, shame, fear of leakage, lack of toilet or water supply, lack of a place to dispose of sanitary pads and absence of a private place to manage periods were some factors that were associated with school absenteeism during menstruation. Conclusion: Considerably high school absenteeism among adolescent girls due to menstruation was noted in this study, highlighting the need for improved interventions that reach girls at a young age.

Characterization and Identification of Bacteria Present in the Bath Towels of Female Students in Rivers State University Hostels

Bath towels are an important part of our everyday life, but they often amass a large number of micro-organisms which may sometimes be harmful to us. For the study a total of 10 samples plus a control were collected from bath towels of female students in NDDC hostel, post-graduate hostel and control from Mile 3 market respectively between November 2021 to February 2022. Standard methods were employed for the sampling and determination of microbiological characteristics. Identification of bacteria was carried out using colonial, morphological and biochemical characteristics. Statistical analysis were performed using the T-test method and sensitivity was carried out on the isolates to detect pathogenicity. Range of microbial counts of NDDC hostel were: Total heterotrophic bacteria 2.0 x 104 cfu/ml to 3.17 x 104 cfu/ml, Total coliform count 0.48 x 104 cfu/ml to 2.99 x 104 cfu/ml in the first sampling. Post graduate hostel ranged from: Total heterotrophic bacteria 1.48 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.18 x 104 cfu/ml in the first sampling. For the second sampling, NDDC hostel microbial count ranged from 0.73 x 104 cfu/l to 1.15 x 104 cfu/ml in the total heterotrophic bacteria, and 0.31 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.13 x 104 cfu/ml for total coliform count. Post graduate hostel ranged from 0.27 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.93 x 104 cfu/ml for total heterotrophic bacteria and 0.22 x 104 cfu/ml to 0.18 x 104 cfu/ml for total coliform count. The control microbial count for total heterotrophic bacteria were 0.12 x 104 and 0.16 x 104 cfu/ml for the first and second sampling respectively and for the total coliform count, 0.18 x 104 cfu/ml and 0.17 x 104 cfu/ml for the first and second sampling respectively. Statistical analysis using student’s T-test was carried out. The mean test values for total heterotrophic bacteria in the first and second samplings were 2.2750E2 and 57.4000 in NDDC hostel and 1.5060E2 and 66.8000 in post graduate hostel. The mean values for total coliform count for the first and second samplings were 1.6220E2 and 24.5000 in NDDC hostel and 99.8000 and 26.9000 in Post graduate hostel. The test revealed that there was no significant difference in the bacterial load of NDDC hostel and Post graduate hostel from the two samplings. In the antimicrobial susceptibility test carried out, results showed that Ciproflox, Reflacine and Tarrivid were most effective against the isolates, whileth the isolates mostly showed resistance against Amplicox, Amoxil and Azithromycin. The bacteria species isolated were Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus spp, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella spp, Bacillus spp. The study demonstrated that significant numbers of E.coli, and staphylococcus as well as other microbes occur in bath towels.

O binarismo de gênero nas placas de banheiros em espaços públicos / Binarismo de género en las placas de baño en espacios públicos / Gender binarism on bathroom boards in public spaces

Resumo Este artigo propõe reflexões críticas acerca do binarismo masculino/feminino presente na arquitetura e nas placas identificatórias dos banheiros presentes em espaços públicos. Partindo de um referencial pós-estruturalista das teorias de gênero e diversidade sexual, tomamos como corpo de análise as placas dos banheiros que, por meio de palavras, símbolos e imagens, separam esses espaços, tendo como critério exclusivo o sexo designado ao nascimento e não à identidade autodeclarada de gênero. Nesse contexto, a ambiguidade e a fluidez presentes em corpos trans atuam como significativos elementos de denúncia dos limites normativos da classificação dos banheiros, colocando em xeque territórios legitimados socialmente como masculinos e femininos. Assim, as placas são consideradas como analisadores institucionais, pois desvelam a disputa entre forças instituintes e forças instituídas, a qual mostra que, apesar das normativas legais brasileiras, a institucionalização do reconhecimento das diversas formas de ser homem e de ser mulher ainda é objeto de tensão.

Resumen Este artículo propone reflexiones críticas sobre el binarismo masculino/femenino presente en la arquitectura y sobre las placas de los baños presentes en los espacios públicos. Partiendo de un referencial postestructuralista de teorías de género y diversidad sexual, tomamos como cuerpo de análisis las placas de los baños que, a través de palabras, símbolos e imágenes, separan estos espacios, teniendo como criterio exclusivo el sexo designado al nacer y no la identidad de género auto declarada. En este contexto, la ambigüedad y la fluidez presentes en los cuerpos trans actúan como elementos significativos de denuncia de los límites normativos de la clasificación de los baños, poniendo en jaque territorios socialmente legitimados como masculinos y femeninos. Así, las placas son consideradas como analizadores institucionales, pues revelan la disputa entre fuerzas instituyentes y fuerzas instituidas, lo que muestra que, a pesar de las normas legales brasileñas, la institucionalización del reconocimiento de las diversas formas de ser hombre y de ser mujer sigue siendo objeto de tensión.

Abstract This article proposes critical reflections on the male/female binarism present in the architecture and in the identification boards of the bathrooms in public spaces. Based on a post-structuralist framework of the theories of gender and sexual diversity, we take as body of analysis the bathroom signs that, through words, symbols and images, separate these spaces having as exclusive criterion the designated sex at birth and not the self-declared gender identity. In this context, the ambiguity and fluidity present in trans bodies act as significant elements of denunciation of the normative limits of the classification of bathrooms, putting in question socially legitimized territories as male and female. Thus, the signs are considered as institutional analyzers, because they reveal the dispute of the instituting forces and the instituted forces, which shows that, despite the Brazilian legal norms, the institutionalization of the recognition of the various forms of being a man and being a woman is still object of tension.

Avaliação da limpeza de comadres hospitalares submetidas a diferentes métodos de processamento / Assessment of hospital bedpans cleaning submitted to different processing methods

O manejo das comadres hospitalares requer rigorosas medidas de higiene para evitar que esses dispositivos se tornem fontes de contaminação. Contudo, os métodos e os riscos associados ao processamento desses utensílios sanitários são muitas vezes negligenciados pelos profissionais envolvidos no processo. O objetivo desse estudo quantitativo, descritivo, do tipo transversal foi avaliar a limpeza e desinfecção de comadres hospitalares submetidas a dois diferentes métodos de processamento. Os dados foram coletados em um complexo hospitalar de nível terciário localizado no interior do estado de São Paulo. Foram avaliados os resultados dos processos de limpeza e desinfecção de comadres hospitalares, distribuídas em dois grupos. O primeiro conjunto de materiais (Grupo 1) sofreu o processo de limpeza manual seguida por desinfecção com álcool etílico hidratado a 70%. O segundo grupo (Grupo 2) teve as comadres hospitalares submetidas à termodesinfecção sem limpeza manual prévia. O Glo Germ(TM) Liquid foi usado para simular a contaminação por material biológico e os utensílios foram inoculados com 20 ml do produto. A presença de simulador de contaminação foi avaliada por fluorescência em 130 utensílios. O teste de detecção de proteína foi aplicado em 50 artigos. Constatou-se a presença de simulador de contaminação nos artigos submetidos a ambos os processos de limpeza. Após a limpeza automatizada, o número de comadres hospitalares com material visível é maior (74,2%) do que o observado após a limpeza manual (53,1%). No total, observou-se de zero a seis áreas em cada comadre hospitalar com presença de simulador de contaminação. Quando submetidas à limpeza manual, o número de comadres hospitalares limpas é maior (46,9%) em relação àquelas submetidas à limpeza automatizada (25,8%), com diferença estatisticamente significante (p=0,003) quando comparados ambos os métodos de processamento. Foram identificadas de zero a três áreas com presença do simulador de contaminação em cada parte da comadre hospitalar. O número de áreas com presença de Glo Germ foi comparado entre dois grupos do estudo. O teste de Mann-Whitney indicou diferença significante nas partes da pá (p<0,000), assento (p=0,013) e fundo externo (p=0,003), revelando maior presença de simulador nas comadres hospitalares submetidas à limpeza automatizada. Não houve diferença significante na parte interna, lateral externa e alça. À inspeção visual, todas as comadres hospitalares estavam limpas. Contudo, o teste de proteínas foi positivo em dois artigos processados na termodesinfectora. O estudo levanta reflexões sobre os procedimentos adotados na prática de processamento das comadres hospitalares, indicando a necessidade de revisão de conceitos que embasam a indicação de métodos e níveis de processamento requeridos a partir da classificação dos artigos de saúde.

The handling of hospital bedpans requires strict hygiene measures to prevent these devices from becoming sources of contamination. The workers involved in the process, however, often overlook the methods and risks associated with the processing of these sanitary utensils. The objective of this quantitative, descriptive and cross-sectional study was to assess the cleaning and disinfection of hospital bedpans submitted to two different processing methods. Data were collected in a tertiary hospital facility located in the interior of the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The results concerning the cleaning and disinfection of hospital bedpans were distributed into two groups: the first set of materials (Group 1) was manually cleaned, followed by disinfection with 70% hydrated ethyl alcohol. The bedpans in the second set (Group 2) were subjected to thermal disinfection without previous manual cleaning. Glo Germ(TM) liquid was used to simulate contamination by biological material and the utensils were inoculated with 20 ml of the product. The presence of the contamination simulator was assessed by fluorescence in 130 utensils. A protein detection test was applied in 50 utensils and the presence of contamination was found in utensils submitted to both cleaning processes. The number of bedpans visually soiled after automated cleaning (74.2%) was higher than after manual cleaning (53.1%). In total, there were from zero to six areas in each bedpan with the presence of the contamination simulator. A statistically significant difference was found (p=0.003) when both processing methods were compared, the number of clean bedpans was larger among those submitted to mechanical cleaning (46.9%) than those submitted to automated cleaning (25.8%). The presence of the contamination simulator was identified from zero to three areas in each part of hospital bedpans. The number of areas with the presence of Glo Germ was compared between groups. The Mann-Whitney test indicated significant difference on the parts of the blade (p<0.000), seat (p=0.013), and external bottom (p=0.003), revealing the simulator was more frequently found among bedpans submitted to automated cleaning. No significant differences were found between the internal, lateral and external parts and handle. All bedpans seemed clean upon visual inspection, however, two utensils processed in the thermal disinfector tested positive in the protein test. This study's results encourage reflection upon the procedures adopted in the processing of hospital bedpans, indicating a need to review concepts supporting the indication of methods and processing levels based on the classification of health utensils.

Utensílios sanitários: comparação entre processos de limpeza e desinfecção manual e automatizado / Sanitary appliance: comparative study of automated and manual cleaning and disinfection processes / Utensilios sanitarios: comparación entre procesos de limpieza y desinfección manual y automatizado

Objetivo: Comparar os resultados dos processos de limpeza e desinfecção manual e automatizado de Utensílios Sanitários (US). Método: Estudo experimental, descritivo, realizado por meio de culturas microbiológicas de US usados por pacientes acamados em uma unidade de internação de um hospital localizado no sul do Brasil. As amostras icrobiológicas foram coletadas após limpeza e desinfecção, sendo 11 amostras de cada um dos três processos testados: automatizado, manual sem supervisão e manual com supervisão. Resultados: No processo automatizado, não houve crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos de relevância epidemiológica. No manual, em ambos processamentos realizados, conforme protocolo estabelecido pela instituição com e sem supervisão, houve crescimento de microrganismos patogênicos. Conclusão: Com base nos resultados obtidos no estudo, o método automatizado demonstrou ser seguro para utilização dos US na assistência à saúde. Os resultados obtidos no método manual não conferem segurança. Sugere-se que sejam realizados estudos com conhecimento prévio do grau de contaminação controlada por meio de cepas de referência.

Objective: To compare the results of manual and automated cleaning and disinfection of Sanitary Appliance (US). Method: A descriptive experimental study, carried out by means of microbiological cultures of appliance used by patients bedridden in a hospitalization unit of a hospital located in the south of Brazil. Thirty three samples were collected after the cleaning and disinfection processes were carried out, eleven for each of the three methods available: automated, manual with and without supervision for microbiological evaluation. Results: In the automated process, pathogenic microorganisms of epidemiological relevance was now here to be found in the experiment. In the manual, in both processes performed, according to protocol established by the Institution with and without supervision, there was growth of pathogenic microorganisms. Conclusion: Therefore, in this study we conclude that the automated method for cleaning and disinfection has been shown to be safer for use in healthcare. The results obtained in the manual method do not confer safety. It is suggested that studies be carried out with references trains with controlled contamination.

Objectivo: Comparar los procesos de limpieza y desinfección manual y por médio de um equipo automático de Utensilios Sanitarios (US). Método: Estudio experimental descriptivo de medio de cultivos microbiológicos de US de los que hicieron uso enfermos en piso de internación de un hospital delsur de Brasil. Las muestras microbiológicas fueron recolectadas después de La limpieza y desinfección, de lãs cuales 11 muestras de cada uno de los tres procesos probados: automatico, manual sin supervisión y manual com supervisión. Resultados: Em El proceso com el equipo automatico, no hubo crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos de relevancia epidemiológica. Em los dos procesos manuales con y sin supervisión, conforme protocolo establecido por La institución, hubo crecimiento de microorganismos patógenos. Conclusión: Por los resultados obtenidos em ele studio, se concluye que el la limpeza e nel equipo automático ha demostrado seguridade para usar los US en cuidados a La salud. Se sugiere que se realicen estúdios conconocimiento prévio del grado de contaminación controlada por medio de cepas de referencia.

Previous HIV testing behavior and related factors in men who have sex with men in gay bathroom in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the related factors on previous HIV testing behavior among MSM who visit gay bathroom in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. Methods Through time-location sampling (TLS) survey, men who had oral sex or anal sex with men in past 6 months were interviewed in the gay bathroom in Hangzhou from October 2015 to January 2016. Software SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the HIV testing acceptance, sexual behaviors and condom usage of MSM during past 6 months, and χ2 test and logistic regression model were used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Our study planned to recruit 480 gay bathroom MSM, due to the unwilling or other factors, 465 MSM were surveyed. A total of 47.3%(220/465) gay bathroom MSM received HIV testing during past 6 months. Multivariate analysis indicated that being married (OR=0.35, 95%CI:0.18-0.69), peer education (OR=4.31, 95%CI:1.32-14.09), homosexual behavior during past 6 months (OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.08-3.14), extramarital heterosexual behavior during past 6 months (OR=4.12, 95%CI: 2.45-6.91) might be positive factors related with HIV testing acceptation in MSM. Conclusion Being married, homosexual behavior during past 6 months, extramarital heterosexual behavior, partner education might be the positive factors related with acceptance of HIV testing among gay bathroom MSM. Therefore, peer education needs to be strengthened. HIV testing after high risk sexual behavior needs to be promoted in MSM.

Previous HIV testing behavior and related factors in men who have sex with men in gay bathroom in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To understand the related factors on previous HIV testing behavior among MSM who visit gay bathroom in Hangzhou, Zhejiang province. Methods Through time-location sampling (TLS) survey, men who had oral sex or anal sex with men in past 6 months were interviewed in the gay bathroom in Hangzhou from October 2015 to January 2016. Software SPSS 22.0 was used to analyze the HIV testing acceptance, sexual behaviors and condom usage of MSM during past 6 months, and χ2 test and logistic regression model were used for univariate and multivariate analyses. Results Our study planned to recruit 480 gay bathroom MSM, due to the unwilling or other factors, 465 MSM were surveyed. A total of 47.3%(220/465) gay bathroom MSM received HIV testing during past 6 months. Multivariate analysis indicated that being married (OR=0.35, 95%CI:0.18-0.69), peer education (OR=4.31, 95%CI:1.32-14.09), homosexual behavior during past 6 months (OR=1.85, 95%CI: 1.08-3.14), extramarital heterosexual behavior during past 6 months (OR=4.12, 95%CI: 2.45-6.91) might be positive factors related with HIV testing acceptation in MSM. Conclusion Being married, homosexual behavior during past 6 months, extramarital heterosexual behavior, partner education might be the positive factors related with acceptance of HIV testing among gay bathroom MSM. Therefore, peer education needs to be strengthened. HIV testing after high risk sexual behavior needs to be promoted in MSM.

Build of a New-style Asepsis Ward(2) / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE To compare the computational fluid dynamics(CFD) simulated results and field test data of the new-style asepsis ward.METHODS We used various equipments to test the asepsis ward and CFD software to simulate airflow of asepsis ward.RESULTS After calculating and comparing,we found the CFD simulation results agreed well with the tested data.Key design and operating parameters were up to the standard.The new-style of asepsis ward could improve the air quality and provide a comfortable environment for patient treatment and it was of great help to decrease the infection rate of patient.CONCLUSIONS The new-style asepsis ward can significantly control the endogenous infection of patients.

Construction of a New-style Aseptic Ward Part 1 / 中华医院感染学杂志

OBJECTIVE We designed the overall layout,formulated the functional demand,and optimized the key design and operating parameters of a new-style asepsis clean ward.The new-style ward intends to provide a higher quality environment for patient infection control and all-around protection during treatment.METHODS We applied computational fluid dynamics(CFD)simulation to optimize the design scheme according to Chinese and international hospital design specifications.RESULTS The new-style asepsis ward reflected a new idea,new technology,high standards and created a comfortable and safe,high-quality environment for the treatment of patient.The Satisfaction of patients was more than 95% and workload of nurses was alleviated obviously.CONCLUSIONS The new-style asepsis ward can significantly control the endogenous infection of patients.

Mysterious death in a bathroom: Case report.

A young, married Muslim female was brought dead to casualty with a history of being found unconscious in the bathroom. The information furnished by the police and interaction with the relatives revealed that the deceased had been in good health prior to the incident which the suspicion of foul play. Meticulous autopsy ruled out natural disease and trauma. Findings were however highly suggestive of asphyxia without any demonstrable external or internal cause for the same. The case was finally solved by taking into consideration various causes for bathroom deaths, and ruling out each one by one. At the end, it was concluded that the cause of asphyxia was inhalation of vitiated air, associated with inadequate ventilation.

Gas geysers: Serial killers causing death due to carbon monoxide poisoning.

Carbon monoxide is a dangerous lethal gas that evolves during practically every type of combustion, and is also emitted by automobiles. In recent times, gas geysers which have emerged as a cost-effective, efficient method of heating water are increasingly being implicated in accidental deaths in unventilated or ill-ventilated bathrooms, due to carbon monoxide accumulation. This paper reviews four such accidental deaths which have taken place in Bangalore.